12 Biology by BISM Academy
- Home
- Courses
- Intermediate (HSSC)
- 12 Biology by BISM Academy
Curriculum
- 13 Sections
- 242 Lessons
- 10 Weeks
Expand all sectionsCollapse all sections
- Chapter 15 Homeostasis18
- 1.01 – Introduction to homeostasis
- 1.12 – Homeostasis at Cell Level
- 1.23 – Feedback Mechanism
- 1.34 – Osmoregulation
- 1.45 – Osmoregulation in animals
- 1.56 – Osmoregulation in different environment
- 1.67 – Excretion and Excretion in Plants
- 1.78 – Excretion and excretion in animals
- 1.89 – Excretion in hydra, planaria and earthworm
- 1.910 – Excretion in coackroach, vertebrates and human
- 1.1011 – Liver,homeostatic role of liver and urea cycle
- 1.1112 – Urinary System and types of nephrone
- 1.1213 – Structures of nephrone
- 1.1314 – Kidney as a osmoregulatory organ
- 1.1415 – Kidney stones and renal failure
- 1.1516 – Thermoregulation in animal and plants
- 1.1617 – Temperature classification in animals
- 1.1718 – Thermoregulation in mammals and human
- Chapter 16 Support and Movement34
- 2.01 – Support and Movement
- 2.12 – Support in plants part 2
- 2.23 – Secondary growth in plants
- 2.34 – Movements in plants|Autonomic movement
- 2.45 – Paratonic Movement in plants
- 2.56 – Support in animal | Hydrosekeleton
- 2.67 – Exosekeleton
- 2.78 – Function of Sekeleton,Endosekeleton,Bones
- 2.89 – Human Sekeleton/ Axial Sekeleton
- 2.910 – Appendicular skeleton
- 2.1011 – Joints
- 2.1112 – Deformation of skeleton
- 2.1213 – Disc slip and causes of disk slip
- 2.1314 – Repair of broken bones
- 2.1415 – Muscles and smooth muscles
- 2.1516 – Cardiac Muscles
- 2.1617 – Structures of Skeletal Muscle Part 1
- 2.1718 – Structures of Skeletal Muscle Part 2
- 2.1819 – Sliding filament model
- 2.1920 – Controlling Action & Myosine Interaction by Ca +2
- 2.2021 – Source of energy for muscle contractions
- 2.2122 – Muscular fatigue and tetany
- 2.2223 – Tetanus and cramp
- 2.2324 – Movement of bones
- 2.2425 – Locomotion in Euglena
- 2.2526 – Locomotion in paramecium
- 2.2627 – Locomotion in Amoeba, jellyfish, earthworm
- 2.2728 – Locomotion in Cockroach, Snail.star fish
- 2.2829 – Locomtion in Fishes
- 2.2930 – Locomtion in Amphibian and Reptiles
- 2.3031 – Locomtion in Air
- 2.3132 – Locomtion in Mammal
- 2.3233 – Evolutionary adaptation in arrangement of bones
- 2.3334 – Evolutionary adaptation in arrangement of bones Part 2
- Chapter 17 Coordination and control35
- 3.11 – Coordination and control
- 3.22 – Biological rythms
- 3.33 – Auxin Hormones
- 3.44 – Gibberallin & Cytokinin
- 3.55 – Growth inhibitors abscissic acid, ethene
- 3.66 – Introduction to nervous coordination & Receptors
- 3.77 – sensory receptors with special reference to skin
- 3.88 – Neurons and its structure
- 3.99 – Types of neuron
- 3.1010 – Reflex Action
- 3.1111 – Nerve Impulse
- 3.1212 – Action potential in nerve impulse
- 3.1313 – Synapse
- 3.1414 – Evolution of nervous system
- 3.1515 – Difference between hydra and planaria
- 3.1616 – Human nervous system
- 3.1717 – Limbic system and cerebrum
- 3.1818 – Midbrain,Hindbrain and Spinalcord
- 3.1919 – Peripheral nervous system
- 3.2020 – Nervous system disorder
- 3.2121 – Chemical coordination
- 3.2222 – Pituitary gland
- 3.2322 – GONADOTROPHIN HORMONES OF PITUITRY GLAND PART 2
- 3.2423 – Median&Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
- 3.2524 – Thyroid gland
- 3.2625 – Islets of langerhans pancrease
- 3.2726 – Adrenals
- 3.2827 – Feedback Mechanism
- 3.2928 – Comparison between nervous and chemical coordination
- 3.3029 – Behaviour of organisms
- 3.3130 – Instincts and learning behaviour
- 3.3231 – Instincts vs learning
- 3.3332 – Learning behaviour
- 3.3433 – Types of learning
- 3.3534 – Differentiate b/w instinctive and learning behaviour
- Chapter 18 Reproduction17
- 4.01 – Introduction of reproduction
- 4.12 – Reproduction in plants
- 4.23 – Fruits setting
- 4.35 – Role of phytochromes in photoperiodism
- 4.46 – Classification of plants on the basis of photoperiodism
- 4.54 – Photoperiodism
- 4.67 – Vernalization
- 4.78 – Reproduction in animals
- 4.809 – Cloning&Tissue culture technique
- 4.910 – Identicle and fraternal twins
- 4.1011 – Sexual reproduction in animals
- 4.1112 – Male reproductive system
- 4.1213 – Female reproductive system
- 4.1314 – Female reproductive cycle
- 4.1415 – Ostreous cycle, TTB, placenta
- 4.1516 – Process of birth , parturition
- 4.1617 – Sexually transmitted diseases
- Chapter 19 Growth and Development19
- 5.01 – Introduction I Growth in Plants
- 5.12 – Meristem and Its Types
- 5.23 – Phases of Growth in Plants
- 5.34 – Conditions of Growth
- 5.45 – Differentiation in Plants
- 5.56 – Growth Correlations
- 5.67 – Growth And Development in Animals
- 5.78 – Development of Chick I Cleavage,Morula,Blastula
- 5.89 – Development of Chick I Gastrulation
- 5.910 – Development of Chick I Notochord And Mesoderm
- 5.1011 – Development of Chick I Neurulation
- 5.1112 – Development of chick I Mesoderm
- 5.1213 – Mechanism of Development
- 5.1314 – Role of Cytoplasm
- 5.1415 – Role of Nucleus
- 5.1516 – Concept of Differentiation I Embryonic induction
- 5.1617 – Aging
- 5.1718 – Regeneration
- 5.1819 – Abnormal Development
- Chapter 20 DNA and chromosomes19
- 6.01 – Introduction of chromosomes
- 6.12 – Composition of chromosomes
- 6.23 – chromosomal Theory of inheritance part 1
- 6.33 – chromosomal Theory of inheritance part 2
- 6.44 – Griffith Experiments Biology
- 6.55 – Martha chase Experiments
- 6.66 – Chemical nature of DNA
- 6.77 – Watson and Crick Model
- 6.88 – DNA replication Models
- 6.99 – Meselson and stahl Experiment
- 6.1010 – DNA Replication process
- 6.1111 – What is gene
- 6.1212 – Beadle and Tatum experiment
- 6.1313 – One gene one polypeptide relationship
- 6.1414 – Cell uses RNA to make proteins
- 6.1515 – Transcription Process
- 6.1616 – Genetic code
- 6.1717 – Translation Process in detail
- 6.1818 – Mutations
- Chapter 21 Cell Cycle11
- Chapter 22 Variation and Genetics33
- 8.01 – Introduction of basic Terms
- 8.12 – Introduction of basic Terms
- 8.23 – Law of segregation (Monohybrid cross)
- 8.34 – Test Cross
- 8.45 – Law of independent assortment (Dihybrid cross)
- 8.56 – Probability for Dihybrid Cross
- 8.67 – Dominance and Its relationships Part 1
- 8.78 – Co-dominance and over Dominance
- 8.89 – ABO blood Group system
- 8.910 – Blood Transfusion
- 8.1011 – Activity of ABO
- 8.1112 – Rh blood Group system
- 8.1213 – Erythroblastosis Foetalis
- 8.1314 – Epistasis and Pleiotropy
- 8.1415 – Continuously varying traits
- 8.1516 – Wheat Seed colour
- 8.1617 – Skin colour and Height
- 8.1718 – Gene Linkage
- 8.1819 – Cross over and Recombinant frequency
- 8.1920 – Sex chromosomes
- 8.2021 – Sex Patterns
- 8.2122 – Comparison between Human and Drosophila
- 8.2223 – Sex Determinantion in Plants
- 8.2324 – Use of Drosophila in Genetics
- 8.2425 – Sex Linkage in Drosophila
- 8.2526 – X linked Recessive traits
- 8.2627 – X linked Dominant traits
- 8.2728 – Genetics of haemophilia
- 8.2829 – Testicular feminization syndrom
- 8.2930 – Genetics of Color blindness
- 8.3031 – Genetics of X linked Dominant And Y linked
- 8.3132 – Sex limited and influenced traits
- 8.3233 – Diabetes Mellitus
- Chapter 23 Biotechnology4
- Chapter 24 Evolution17
- 10.01 – Introduction to Evolution
- 10.12 – Darwinism in historical context
- 10.23 – EVOLUTION FROM PROKARYOTES TO EUKARYOTES
- 10.34 – EVOLUTION FROM PROKARYOTES TO EUKARYOTES Part2
- 10.45 – Inheritance of acquired characteristics
- 10.56 – DARWANISM PART 1 VOYAGE OF BEAGLE
- 10.67 – Origin of Species by natural selection
- 10.78 – Neo Darwinism And Evidences of evolution.
- 10.89 – Evidences of evolution (Fossils Record)
- 10.910 – Evidences of evolution (Comparative anatomy)
- 10.1011 – Evidences of evolution (Comparative embryology)
- 10.1112 – Natural selection vs Artificial selection
- 10.1213 – Gene Pool, Population and Species
- 10.1314 – hardy Weinberg theorem
- 10.1415 – hardy Weinberg theorem calculations
- 10.1516 – Factors affecting gene frequency
- 10.1617 – Factors affecting gene frequency
- Chapter 25 Ecosystem10
- Chapter 26 Some Major Ecosystems11
- 12.01 – Some major ecosystems
- 12.12 – Fresh Water Lake
- 12.23 – Intervention of Humans in Aquatic Ecosystem
- 12.34 – Terrestrial or Lithospheric Ecosystem
- 12.45 – Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem
- 12.56 – Temperate Decidous Forest
- 12.67 – Coniferous Alpine and Boreal Forest
- 12.78 – Grassland Ecosystem Part 1
- 12.89 – Grassland Ecosystem Part 2
- 12.910 – Desert Ecosystem
- 12.1011 – Tundra Ecosystem
- Chapter 27 Man and His Environment14
- 13.01 – Introduction to environmental resources.
- 13.12 – Man and His environment
- 13.23 – Wild Life Man and His environment
- 13.34 – Energy Resources part 1 Man and His environment
- 13.45 – Energy Resources part 2 Man and His environment
- 13.56 – Energy Resources part 3 Man and His environment
- 13.67 – Degradation and depletion of resources Man and His environment
- 13.78 – Modification of environment Man and His environment
- 13.88 – Population pressure and explosion Man and His environment
- 13.99 – Deforestation and Afforestation Man and His environment
- 13.109 – Importance of forest Man and His environment
- 13.1110 – Pollution and air pollution Man and His environment
- 13.1211 – Effluents, pesticides, Health disease Man and His environment
- 13.1311 – Acid rain and Water Pollution Man and His environment
18 – Gene Linkage
Biology chapter 22 Lecture No.18 Gene Linkage F.Sc. (2nd Year)
GENE LINKAGE.
Every organism possesses numerous characters controlled by thousands of genes, but the number of chromosomes is limited. .Therefore, each chromosome must carry many genes on it.
Definition.
All the genes located on the same chromosome are linked to each other. This phenomenon of staying together of all the genes of a chromosome is called linkage. Gene linkage is a physical relationship between genes.
Gene Group.
A chromosome carries its linked genes en bloc in the form of a linkage group. The number of linkage groups corresponds to the number of homologous pairs of chromosomes.
Man has 23 linkage groups.
Chromosomes X. Genes for colour blindness, hemophilia, gout etc. form one linkage group on human X – chromosome. Chromosomes No. 11 Similarly, gene for sickle cell anemia, leukemia and albinism make another linkage group on human chromosome 11. Importance. Linked genes whose loci are close to each other do not obey Mendel‘s law of independent assortment, because these cannot assort independently during meiosis. Gene linkage also minimizes the chances of genetic recombination and variations among offspring.