15.1 Concept of Homeostasis

15.2 Water Relation of Cells

15.3 Osmoregulation in Plants

15.4 Osmoregulation in Animals

15.5 Excretion in Plants

15.6 Excretion in Animals

15.7 Nature of Excretory Products in Relation to Habitat

15.8 Excretion in Hydra and Planaria

15.9 Excretion in Earthworm and Cockroach

15.10 Excretion in Vertebrates – Liver as Excretory Organ

15.11 Human Urinary System

15.12 Concentration of Excretory Products and Kidneys as Osmoregulatory Organ

15.13 Kidney Problems and Cures

15.14 Dialysis and Kidney Transplant

15.15 Thermoregulatin in Animals and Plants

15.16 Thermoregulation in Mammals, Adaptations and Fever

16.1 Concept and Need of Support, Support in Plants

16.2 Significance of Secondary Growth in Plants

16.3 Movements in Plants (part 1)

16.4 Movements in Plants (part 2)

16.5 Support and Movement in Animals

16.6 Functions of Skeletal System and Endoskeleton

16.7 Human Skeleton – Axial Skeleton

16.8 Human Skeleton – Appendicular Skeleton

16.9 Deformities in Skeleton

16.10 Repair of Broken Bones

16.11 Muscles

16.12 Skeletal Muscles and Sliding Filament Model

16.13 Sliding Filament Model in Detail

16.14 Energy for Muscle Contraction and Muscle Problems

16.15 Arrangement of Skeletal Muscles for Movement of Skeleton, and Locomotion in Euglena

16.16 Locomotion in Paramecium, Amoeba, and Jellyfish

16.17 Locomotion in Earthworm, Cockroach, and Snail

16.18 Locomotion in Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds

16.19 Locomotion in Mammals and Evolutionary Changes in Arrangement of Bones

17.1 Introduction, Coordination in Plants

17.2 Responses Against Environmental Stress, Defense Against Pathogens

17.3 Plant Hormones (1)

17.4 Plant Hormones (2)

17.5 Coordination in Animals, Nervous Coordination

17.6 Working of Sensory Receptors with Special Reference to Skin

17.7 Structure and Types of Neurons

17.8 Effector Organs and Reflex Arc

17.9 Nerve Impulse – Resting Membrane Potential

17.10 Nerve Impulse – Active Membrane Potential and Propagation of Nerve Impulse

17.11 Synapse

17.12 Evolution of Nervous System, Diffused and Centralized Nervous System

17.13 Human Nervous System and Anatomy of Brain

17.14 Structure and Function of Brain

17.15 Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System

17.16 Nervous Disorders and Effect of Drugs on Nervous System

17.17 Chemical Coordination – Hormones

17.18 Pituitary Gland

17.19 Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland

17.20 Pancreas, Islets of Langerhans

17.21 Adrenal Gland

17.22 Endocrine Function of Gut and Gonads

17.23 Feedback Control Mechanisms

17.24 Comparison Between Nervous and Chemical Coordination

17.25 Introduction to Behavior and Types of Behavior

17.26 Differences Between Instincts and Learning

17.27 Learning and Its Types

18.1 Introduction to Reproduction, Reproduction in Plants

18.2 Flowering Time

18.3 Reproduction in Animals

18.4 Male and Female Reproductive System

18.5 Menstrual Cycle

18.6 Pregnancy and Birth

19.1 Introduction, Growth and Development in Plants – Part 1

19.2 Growth and Development in Plants – Part 2

19.3 Development in Animals – Part 1

19.4 Development in Animals – Part 2

19.5 Mechanism of Development

19.6 Aging, Regeneration and Abnormal Development

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Chromosomes and Their Types

20.3 Composition of Chromosomes

20.4 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

20.5 DNA as Hereditary Material

20.6 Chemical Structure of DNA – Watson Crick Model

20.7 Meselson and Stahl Experiment

20.8 DNA Replication

20.9 Gene and One Gene-One Polypeptide Theory

20.10 How DNA Encodes Proteins

20.11 Transcription

20.12 Genetic Code

20.13 Translation

20.14 Mutations

21.1 Introduction to Cell Division, Interphase and Mitosis

21.2 Mitosis

21.3 Significance of Mitosis, Cancer

21.4 Meiosis and Crossing Over

21.5 Meiosis I and Meiosis II

21.6 Importance of Meiosis, Errors during Meiosis

21.7 Apoptosis and Necrosis

22.1 Introduction, Genes, Alleles and Gene pool

22.2 Mendelian Genetics

22.3 Mendel’s Laws of Genetics, Punnet Square, Test Cross

22.4 Test Cross, Dihybrid Cross

22.5 Dominance and its types

22.6 Genetics of Human Blood Groups

22.7 Epistasis, Bombay Phenotype, Continuously varying traits

22.8 Genetic Linkage, Crossing Over, Recombination

22.9 Sex Determination in Animals and Plants

22.10 Sex Linkage in Drosophila

22.11 Sex Linkage in Drosophila (2)

22.12 Sex Linkage in Humans and Genetics of Hemophilia

22.13 Sex Linkage in Humans and Genetics of Color Blindness

22.14 X-Linked Dominant Inheritance and Y-Linked Inheritance

22.15 Diabetes and its Genetic Basis

23.1 Introduction to Biotechnology

23.2 Cloning of a Gene, Recombinant DNA Technology

23.3 Vectors, Recombinant DNA and Its Expression

23.4 Genomic Library, Probe, and Genome

23.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction

23.6 Analyzing DNA, DNA Fingerprinting and Electrophoresis

23.7 Gene Sequencing

23.8 Human Genome Project

23.9 Biotechnology Products – Transgenic Bacteria

23.10 Biotechnology Products – Transgenic Plants

23.11 Biotechnology Products – Animals and Cloning of Transgenic Animals

23.12 Gene Therapy

23.13 Tissue Culture

23.14 Genetic Engineering in Plants

24.1 Introduction to Evolution

24.2 Evolution from Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes

24.3 Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

24.4 Charles Darwin and Theory of Natural Selection

24.5 Evidences of Evolution – Comparative Anatomy, Fossil Record and Biogeography

24.6 Evidences of Evolution – Embryology and Molecular Biology

24.7 Natural Selection and Artificial Selection, Population, Gene pool, Allele and Genotype Frequencies

24.8 Hardy Weinberg Theorem and Factors affecting the Gene Frequencies

24.9 Endangered Species

25.1 Introduction to Ecosystem and Ecology

25.2 Autecology and Synecology, Biotic and Abiotic Components of Ecosystem

25.3 Succession and its Types

25.4 Predation, Parasitism, Symbiosis, and Mutualism

25.5 Biogeochemical Cycles, Nitrogen Cycle and Flow of Energy in Ecosystem

26.1 Introduction to Some Major Ecosystems, Aquatic Ecosystem

26.2 Freshwater Lakes and Human Intervention in Aquatic Environment

26.3 Terrestrial Ecosystem, Adaptations, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem

26.4 Some Major Ecosystems of Pakistan, Temperate, Deciduous, Coniferous, Alpine Forests

26.5 Grassland and Desert Ecosystem

26.6 Tundra Ecosystem, Humans and Ecosystem

27.1 Introduction to Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources

27.2 Wildlife, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Resources

27.3 Energy Conservation, Degradation and Depletion of Resources, Modification of the Environment

27.4 Human Impact on Environment and Population Crisis

27.5 Deforestation, Afforestation, Atmospheric Pollution, Greenhouse Effect

27.6 Water Pollution, Acid Rain, Pesticides and Fertilizers

27.7 Health and Disease