12 Biology by Makab
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- Intermediate (HSSC)
- 12 Biology by Makab
Curriculum
- 13 Sections
- 151 Lessons
- 24 Weeks
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- 15 Homeostasis16
- 16.015.1 Concept of Homeostasis
- 16.115.2 Water Relation of Cells
- 16.215.3 Osmoregulation in Plants
- 16.315.4 Osmoregulation in Animals
- 16.415.5 Excretion in Plants
- 16.515.6 Excretion in Animals
- 16.615.7 Nature of Excretory Products in Relation to Habitat
- 16.715.8 Excretion in Hydra and Planaria
- 16.815.9 Excretion in Earthworm and Cockroach
- 16.915.10 Excretion in Vertebrates – Liver as Excretory Organ
- 16.1015.11 Human Urinary System
- 16.1115.12 Concentration of Excretory Products and Kidneys as Osmoregulatory Organ
- 16.1215.13 Kidney Problems and Cures
- 16.1315.14 Dialysis and Kidney Transplant
- 16.1415.15 Thermoregulatin in Animals and Plants
- 16.1515.16 Thermoregulation in Mammals, Adaptations and Fever
- 16 Support and Movement19
- 17.016.1 Concept and Need of Support, Support in Plants
- 17.116.2 Significance of Secondary Growth in Plants
- 17.216.3 Movements in Plants (part 1)
- 17.316.4 Movements in Plants (part 2)
- 17.416.5 Support and Movement in Animals
- 17.516.6 Functions of Skeletal System and Endoskeleton
- 17.616.7 Human Skeleton – Axial Skeleton
- 17.716.8 Human Skeleton – Appendicular Skeleton
- 17.816.9 Deformities in Skeleton
- 17.916.10 Repair of Broken Bones
- 17.1016.11 Muscles
- 17.1116.12 Skeletal Muscles and Sliding Filament Model
- 17.1216.13 Sliding Filament Model in Detail
- 17.1316.14 Energy for Muscle Contraction and Muscle Problems
- 17.1416.15 Arrangement of Skeletal Muscles for Movement of Skeleton, and Locomotion in Euglena
- 17.1516.16 Locomotion in Paramecium, Amoeba, and Jellyfish
- 17.1616.17 Locomotion in Earthworm, Cockroach, and Snail
- 17.1716.18 Locomotion in Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds
- 17.1816.19 Locomotion in Mammals and Evolutionary Changes in Arrangement of Bones
- 17 Coordination and Control27
- 18.017.1 Introduction, Coordination in Plants
- 18.117.2 Responses Against Environmental Stress, Defense Against Pathogens
- 18.217.3 Plant Hormones (1)
- 18.317.4 Plant Hormones (2)
- 18.417.5 Coordination in Animals, Nervous Coordination
- 18.517.6 Working of Sensory Receptors with Special Reference to Skin
- 18.617.7 Structure and Types of Neurons
- 18.717.8 Effector Organs and Reflex Arc
- 18.817.9 Nerve Impulse – Resting Membrane Potential
- 18.917.10 Nerve Impulse – Active Membrane Potential and Propagation of Nerve Impulse
- 18.1017.11 Synapse
- 18.1117.12 Evolution of Nervous System, Diffused and Centralized Nervous System
- 18.1217.13 Human Nervous System and Anatomy of Brain
- 18.1317.14 Structure and Function of Brain
- 18.1417.15 Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System
- 18.1517.16 Nervous Disorders and Effect of Drugs on Nervous System
- 18.1617.17 Chemical Coordination – Hormones
- 18.1717.18 Pituitary Gland
- 18.1817.19 Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland
- 18.1917.20 Pancreas, Islets of Langerhans
- 18.2017.21 Adrenal Gland
- 18.2117.22 Endocrine Function of Gut and Gonads
- 18.2217.23 Feedback Control Mechanisms
- 18.2317.24 Comparison Between Nervous and Chemical Coordination
- 18.2417.25 Introduction to Behavior and Types of Behavior
- 18.2517.26 Differences Between Instincts and Learning
- 18.2617.27 Learning and Its Types
- 18 Reproduction6
- 19 Growth and Development6
- 20 Chromosomes and DNA14
- 21.020.1 Introduction
- 21.120.2 Chromosomes and Their Types
- 21.220.3 Composition of Chromosomes
- 21.320.4 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- 21.420.5 DNA as Hereditary Material
- 21.520.6 Chemical Structure of DNA – Watson Crick Model
- 21.620.7 Meselson and Stahl Experiment
- 21.720.8 DNA Replication
- 21.820.9 Gene and One Gene-One Polypeptide Theory
- 21.920.10 How DNA Encodes Proteins
- 21.1020.11 Transcription
- 21.1120.12 Genetic Code
- 21.1220.13 Translation
- 21.1320.14 Mutations
- 21 Cell Cycle7
- 22 Variation and Genetics15
- 23.022.1 Introduction, Genes, Alleles and Gene pool
- 23.122.2 Mendelian Genetics
- 23.222.3 Mendel’s Laws of Genetics, Punnet Square, Test Cross
- 23.322.4 Test Cross, Dihybrid Cross
- 23.422.5 Dominance and its types
- 23.522.6 Genetics of Human Blood Groups
- 23.622.7 Epistasis, Bombay Phenotype, Continuously varying traits
- 23.722.8 Genetic Linkage, Crossing Over, Recombination
- 23.822.9 Sex Determination in Animals and Plants
- 23.922.10 Sex Linkage in Drosophila
- 23.1022.11 Sex Linkage in Drosophila (2)
- 23.1122.12 Sex Linkage in Humans and Genetics of Hemophilia
- 23.1222.13 Sex Linkage in Humans and Genetics of Color Blindness
- 23.1322.14 X-Linked Dominant Inheritance and Y-Linked Inheritance
- 23.1422.15 Diabetes and its Genetic Basis
- 23 Biotechnology14
- 24.023.1 Introduction to Biotechnology
- 24.123.2 Cloning of a Gene, Recombinant DNA Technology
- 24.223.3 Vectors, Recombinant DNA and Its Expression
- 24.323.4 Genomic Library, Probe, and Genome
- 24.423.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction
- 24.523.6 Analyzing DNA, DNA Fingerprinting and Electrophoresis
- 24.623.7 Gene Sequencing
- 24.723.8 Human Genome Project
- 24.823.9 Biotechnology Products – Transgenic Bacteria
- 24.923.10 Biotechnology Products – Transgenic Plants
- 24.1023.11 Biotechnology Products – Animals and Cloning of Transgenic Animals
- 24.1123.12 Gene Therapy
- 24.1223.13 Tissue Culture
- 24.1323.14 Genetic Engineering in Plants
- 24 Evolution9
- 25.024.1 Introduction to Evolution
- 25.124.2 Evolution from Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes
- 25.224.3 Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
- 25.324.4 Charles Darwin and Theory of Natural Selection
- 25.424.5 Evidences of Evolution – Comparative Anatomy, Fossil Record and Biogeography
- 25.524.6 Evidences of Evolution – Embryology and Molecular Biology
- 25.624.7 Natural Selection and Artificial Selection, Population, Gene pool, Allele and Genotype Frequencies
- 25.724.8 Hardy Weinberg Theorem and Factors affecting the Gene Frequencies
- 25.824.9 Endangered Species
- 25 Ecology5
- 26 Some Major Ecosystems6
- 27.026.1 Introduction to Some Major Ecosystems, Aquatic Ecosystem
- 27.126.2 Freshwater Lakes and Human Intervention in Aquatic Environment
- 27.226.3 Terrestrial Ecosystem, Adaptations, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem
- 27.326.4 Some Major Ecosystems of Pakistan, Temperate, Deciduous, Coniferous, Alpine Forests
- 27.426.5 Grassland and Desert Ecosystem
- 27.526.6 Tundra Ecosystem, Humans and Ecosystem
- 27 Man and His Environment7
- 28.027.1 Introduction to Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
- 28.127.2 Wildlife, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Resources
- 28.227.3 Energy Conservation, Degradation and Depletion of Resources, Modification of the Environment
- 28.327.4 Human Impact on Environment and Population Crisis
- 28.427.5 Deforestation, Afforestation, Atmospheric Pollution, Greenhouse Effect
- 28.527.6 Water Pollution, Acid Rain, Pesticides and Fertilizers
- 28.627.7 Health and Disease
17.11 Synapse
This video lecture from Coordination and Control (F.Sc. second year Biology) covers about Synapse, neurotransmitters and how neurons communicate with each other. Find more e-learning material and educational video lectures in Urdu at maktab.pk. These videos are free to use for promotional and commercial purpose by keeping the credits to Maktab.