12 Biology by Makab
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- 12 Biology by Makab
Curriculum
- 13 Sections
- 151 Lessons
- 24 Weeks
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- 15 Homeostasis16
- 16.015.1 Concept of Homeostasis
- 16.115.2 Water Relation of Cells
- 16.215.3 Osmoregulation in Plants
- 16.315.4 Osmoregulation in Animals
- 16.415.5 Excretion in Plants
- 16.515.6 Excretion in Animals
- 16.615.7 Nature of Excretory Products in Relation to Habitat
- 16.715.8 Excretion in Hydra and Planaria
- 16.815.9 Excretion in Earthworm and Cockroach
- 16.915.10 Excretion in Vertebrates – Liver as Excretory Organ
- 16.1015.11 Human Urinary System
- 16.1115.12 Concentration of Excretory Products and Kidneys as Osmoregulatory Organ
- 16.1215.13 Kidney Problems and Cures
- 16.1315.14 Dialysis and Kidney Transplant
- 16.1415.15 Thermoregulatin in Animals and Plants
- 16.1515.16 Thermoregulation in Mammals, Adaptations and Fever
- 16 Support and Movement19
- 17.016.1 Concept and Need of Support, Support in Plants
- 17.116.2 Significance of Secondary Growth in Plants
- 17.216.3 Movements in Plants (part 1)
- 17.316.4 Movements in Plants (part 2)
- 17.416.5 Support and Movement in Animals
- 17.516.6 Functions of Skeletal System and Endoskeleton
- 17.616.7 Human Skeleton – Axial Skeleton
- 17.716.8 Human Skeleton – Appendicular Skeleton
- 17.816.9 Deformities in Skeleton
- 17.916.10 Repair of Broken Bones
- 17.1016.11 Muscles
- 17.1116.12 Skeletal Muscles and Sliding Filament Model
- 17.1216.13 Sliding Filament Model in Detail
- 17.1316.14 Energy for Muscle Contraction and Muscle Problems
- 17.1416.15 Arrangement of Skeletal Muscles for Movement of Skeleton, and Locomotion in Euglena
- 17.1516.16 Locomotion in Paramecium, Amoeba, and Jellyfish
- 17.1616.17 Locomotion in Earthworm, Cockroach, and Snail
- 17.1716.18 Locomotion in Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds
- 17.1816.19 Locomotion in Mammals and Evolutionary Changes in Arrangement of Bones
- 17 Coordination and Control27
- 18.017.1 Introduction, Coordination in Plants
- 18.117.2 Responses Against Environmental Stress, Defense Against Pathogens
- 18.217.3 Plant Hormones (1)
- 18.317.4 Plant Hormones (2)
- 18.417.5 Coordination in Animals, Nervous Coordination
- 18.517.6 Working of Sensory Receptors with Special Reference to Skin
- 18.617.7 Structure and Types of Neurons
- 18.717.8 Effector Organs and Reflex Arc
- 18.817.9 Nerve Impulse – Resting Membrane Potential
- 18.917.10 Nerve Impulse – Active Membrane Potential and Propagation of Nerve Impulse
- 18.1017.11 Synapse
- 18.1117.12 Evolution of Nervous System, Diffused and Centralized Nervous System
- 18.1217.13 Human Nervous System and Anatomy of Brain
- 18.1317.14 Structure and Function of Brain
- 18.1417.15 Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System
- 18.1517.16 Nervous Disorders and Effect of Drugs on Nervous System
- 18.1617.17 Chemical Coordination – Hormones
- 18.1717.18 Pituitary Gland
- 18.1817.19 Thyroid and Parathyroid Gland
- 18.1917.20 Pancreas, Islets of Langerhans
- 18.2017.21 Adrenal Gland
- 18.2117.22 Endocrine Function of Gut and Gonads
- 18.2217.23 Feedback Control Mechanisms
- 18.2317.24 Comparison Between Nervous and Chemical Coordination
- 18.2417.25 Introduction to Behavior and Types of Behavior
- 18.2517.26 Differences Between Instincts and Learning
- 18.2617.27 Learning and Its Types
- 18 Reproduction6
- 19 Growth and Development6
- 20 Chromosomes and DNA14
- 21.020.1 Introduction
- 21.120.2 Chromosomes and Their Types
- 21.220.3 Composition of Chromosomes
- 21.320.4 Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- 21.420.5 DNA as Hereditary Material
- 21.520.6 Chemical Structure of DNA – Watson Crick Model
- 21.620.7 Meselson and Stahl Experiment
- 21.720.8 DNA Replication
- 21.820.9 Gene and One Gene-One Polypeptide Theory
- 21.920.10 How DNA Encodes Proteins
- 21.1020.11 Transcription
- 21.1120.12 Genetic Code
- 21.1220.13 Translation
- 21.1320.14 Mutations
- 21 Cell Cycle7
- 22 Variation and Genetics15
- 23.022.1 Introduction, Genes, Alleles and Gene pool
- 23.122.2 Mendelian Genetics
- 23.222.3 Mendel’s Laws of Genetics, Punnet Square, Test Cross
- 23.322.4 Test Cross, Dihybrid Cross
- 23.422.5 Dominance and its types
- 23.522.6 Genetics of Human Blood Groups
- 23.622.7 Epistasis, Bombay Phenotype, Continuously varying traits
- 23.722.8 Genetic Linkage, Crossing Over, Recombination
- 23.822.9 Sex Determination in Animals and Plants
- 23.922.10 Sex Linkage in Drosophila
- 23.1022.11 Sex Linkage in Drosophila (2)
- 23.1122.12 Sex Linkage in Humans and Genetics of Hemophilia
- 23.1222.13 Sex Linkage in Humans and Genetics of Color Blindness
- 23.1322.14 X-Linked Dominant Inheritance and Y-Linked Inheritance
- 23.1422.15 Diabetes and its Genetic Basis
- 23 Biotechnology14
- 24.023.1 Introduction to Biotechnology
- 24.123.2 Cloning of a Gene, Recombinant DNA Technology
- 24.223.3 Vectors, Recombinant DNA and Its Expression
- 24.323.4 Genomic Library, Probe, and Genome
- 24.423.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction
- 24.523.6 Analyzing DNA, DNA Fingerprinting and Electrophoresis
- 24.623.7 Gene Sequencing
- 24.723.8 Human Genome Project
- 24.823.9 Biotechnology Products – Transgenic Bacteria
- 24.923.10 Biotechnology Products – Transgenic Plants
- 24.1023.11 Biotechnology Products – Animals and Cloning of Transgenic Animals
- 24.1123.12 Gene Therapy
- 24.1223.13 Tissue Culture
- 24.1323.14 Genetic Engineering in Plants
- 24 Evolution9
- 25.024.1 Introduction to Evolution
- 25.124.2 Evolution from Prokaryotes to Eukaryotes
- 25.224.3 Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
- 25.324.4 Charles Darwin and Theory of Natural Selection
- 25.424.5 Evidences of Evolution – Comparative Anatomy, Fossil Record and Biogeography
- 25.524.6 Evidences of Evolution – Embryology and Molecular Biology
- 25.624.7 Natural Selection and Artificial Selection, Population, Gene pool, Allele and Genotype Frequencies
- 25.724.8 Hardy Weinberg Theorem and Factors affecting the Gene Frequencies
- 25.824.9 Endangered Species
- 25 Ecology5
- 26 Some Major Ecosystems6
- 27.026.1 Introduction to Some Major Ecosystems, Aquatic Ecosystem
- 27.126.2 Freshwater Lakes and Human Intervention in Aquatic Environment
- 27.226.3 Terrestrial Ecosystem, Adaptations, Division of Terrestrial Ecosystem
- 27.326.4 Some Major Ecosystems of Pakistan, Temperate, Deciduous, Coniferous, Alpine Forests
- 27.426.5 Grassland and Desert Ecosystem
- 27.526.6 Tundra Ecosystem, Humans and Ecosystem
- 27 Man and His Environment7
- 28.027.1 Introduction to Renewable and Non-Renewable Resources
- 28.127.2 Wildlife, Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Resources
- 28.227.3 Energy Conservation, Degradation and Depletion of Resources, Modification of the Environment
- 28.327.4 Human Impact on Environment and Population Crisis
- 28.427.5 Deforestation, Afforestation, Atmospheric Pollution, Greenhouse Effect
- 28.527.6 Water Pollution, Acid Rain, Pesticides and Fertilizers
- 28.627.7 Health and Disease
26.5 Grassland and Desert Ecosystem
This video lecture from Some Major Ecosystems (F.Sc. second year Biology) covers grass land and desert ecosystem in Pakistan with details about rainfall, plant and animal life, productivity, soil condition and human impact on the following ecosystem. Find more e-learning material and educational video lectures in Urdu at maktab.pk. These videos are free to use for promotional and commercial purpose by keeping the credits to Maktab.