11 Biology By BISM Academy
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- 11 Biology By BISM Academy
Curriculum
- 13 Sections
- 214 Lessons
- 10 Weeks
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- Chapter 1 Introduction22
- 1.01 – Introduction to Biology
- 1.12 – Characteristics of Living Organisms
- 1.23 – Major Fields of Biology Part 1
- 1.34 – Major Field of Biology Part 2
- 1.45 – Bioelements
- 1.56 – Level of Biological Organization
- 1.67 – Organelle & Cell
- 1.78 – Organ Level
- 1.89 – Individual and Population level
- 1.910 – Community
- 1.1011 – Living world in space
- 1.1112 – Living world in Time
- 1.1213 – Phyletic lineage
- 1.1314 – Biological Methods
- 1.1415 – Biological Methods
- 1.1516 – To Increase Food Production Methods Part 1
- 1.1617 – Increase Food Production
- 1.1718 – Preventive Measure and Vaccination
- 1.1819 – Drugs Treatment
- 1.1920 – Cloning of organisms
- 1.2021 – Procedures of Cloning
- 1.2122 – Protection and Conservation of Environment
- Chapter 2 Biological Molecules19
- 2.01 – Introduction to Biological Molecules
- 2.12 – Importance of Carbon
- 2.23 – Importance of Water
- 2.34 – Importance of water part 2
- 2.45 – Basics of Concepts of Carbohydrates
- 2.56 – Monosaccharides
- 2.67 – Glucose and Oligosaccharides
- 2.78 – Polysaccharides and Glycogen
- 2.89 – Introduction of Lipids
- 2.910 – Acylglycerole and Tri-Glyceride
- 2.1011 – Waxes,Phospholipids and Terpenoids
- 2.1112 – Introduction to Protein
- 2.1213 – Structures of proteins
- 2.1314 – Secondary structure of proteins
- 2.1415 – Tertiary,quaternary structure& Proteins classification
- 2.1516 – Introduction of nucleic acid
- 2.1617 – Structure of ATP(Adenosine triphophate )
- 2.1718 – Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)
- 2.1819 – Ribonucleic acid & conjugated molecules
- Chapter 3 Enzymes12
- 3.01 – Introduction of Enzymes and Co factors
- 3.12 – Apoenzymes and Holoenzymes
- 3.23 – Enzymes Nature, Inactive form & chain to chain form
- 3.34 – Active site and models of enzymes
- 3.45 – Factors affecting rate of reaction of enzymes
- 3.56 – Affect of pH on reaction of enzymes
- 3.67 – Reversible Inhibitors
- 3.78 – Holoenzymes and Apoenzymes I characteristics of enzymes I location of enzymes
- 3.89 – Introduction to enzymes and cofactor
- 3.910 – Active Site of Enzymes
- 3.1011 – Lock and key model, Induced Fit model, Enzymes chain to chain reactions
- 3.1112 – Inhibitors of Enzymes
- Chapter 4 The Cell17
- 4.01 – Introduction of cell
- 4.12 – Cell and Cell Theory part 2
- 4.23 – Microscopes & Cell fractionation
- 4.34 – Cell membrane
- 4.45 – Cell wall & Cytoplasm
- 4.56 – Endoplasmic Reticulum & Ribosomes
- 4.67 – Golgi apparatus and its function & structure
- 4.78 – Lysosomes
- 4.89 – Peroxisomes and Glyoxisomes
- 4.910 – Vacuole
- 4.1011 – Cytoskeleton
- 4.1112 – Centrioles
- 4.1213 – Mitochondri
- 4.1314 – Plastids
- 4.1415 – Nucleus
- 4.1516 – Chromosomes
- 4.1617 – Difference between prokaryotes & eukaryotes
- Chapter 5 Variety of Life13
- 5.01 – Variety of Life
- 5.12 – Level of biological classification
- 5.23 – Binomial nomenclature
- 5.34 – Systems of classification
- 5.45 – Five kingdom system of classification
- 5.56 – Viruses and discovery of viruses
- 5.67 – Contribution of ivanowaski & stanly
- 5.78 – Structure of virus
- 5.89 – Life cycle of bacteriophage
- 5.910 – Viral diseases , small pox, influence polio
- 5.1011 – Retrovirus
- 5.1112 – Aquired Immuno Defficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
- 5.1213 – Hepatitis
- Chapter 6 Kingdom Prokaryote (Monera)14
- 6.01 – Discovery of bacteria
- 6.12 – Occurrence and size of bacteria
- 6.23 – Flagella and pilli
- 6.34 – Cell envelope and gram staining
- 6.45 – Cytoplasmic matrix,Nucleoid,Ribosomes,plasmids
- 6.56 – Granules and storage bodies
- 6.67 – Nutrition in bacteria
- 6.78 – Growth and reproduction in bacteria
- 6.89 – Importance of bacteria
- 6.910 – Chemical control of bacteria
- 6.1011 – vaccination and immunization
- 6.1112 – Vaccination and immunization Part 2
- 6.1213 – Cyanobacteria
- 6.1314 – Importance of cyanobacteria
- Chapter 7 Kingdom Protista8
- Chapter 8 Kingdom Fungi13
- 8.01 – Kingdom fungi
- 8.12 – Characteristics of fungi
- 8.23 – Nutrition in fugi
- 8.34 – Lichen || Nutrition in fungi
- 8.45 – Asexual reproduction in fugi
- 8.56 – Sexual reproduction in fungi
- 8.67 – Zygomycota conjugating fungi
- 8.78 – Ascomycota
- 8.89 – Life cycle of Ustilago
- 8.910 – Deuteromycota
- 8.1011 – Land adaptation of Fungi
- 8.1112 – Importance of Fungi
- 8.1213 – Economics losses due to Fungi
- Chapter 9 Kingdom Plantae18
- 9.11 – Introduction to kingdom Plantae
- 9.22 – Alternation of generation
- 9.33 – Adaptation of bryophytes&liverworts
- 9.44 – Mosses|Bryopsida
- 9.55 – Anthoceropsida | Hornworts
- 9.66 – Introduction to tracheophyta & Psilopsida whiskrens
- 9.77 – Evolution of Leaf
- 9.88 – Lycopsida & Sphenopsida
- 9.99 – Petropsida&Structure of Adiantum
- 9.1010 – Life cycle of adiantum
- 9.1111 – Life cycle of adiantum(Diagram)
- 9.1212 – Evolution of seed
- 9.1313 – Gymnospermae
- 9.1414 – Life cycle of pinus
- 9.1515 – Class and life cycle of angiospermae
- 9.1616 – Life cycle of Angiospermae
- 9.1717 – Classification of Angiospermae
- 9.1818 – Evolution of seed introduction
- Chapter 10 Kingdom Animalia3
- Chapter 11 Bioenergetics27
- 11.01 – Bioenergetics
- 11.12 – Introduction of photosynthesis
- 11.23 – Gaseous exchange between plant and environment
- 11.34 – Source of oxygen in atmosphere
- 11.45 – Photosynthetic pigments
- 11.56 – Structure of chlorophyll
- 11.67 – Differentiate b/t chlorophyll a and b
- 11.78 – Absorption spectrum of photo synthetic pigments
- 11.89 – Action spectrum
- 11.910 – Comparison b/w action and absorption spectrum
- 11.1011 – Role of carbon in photosynthesis
- 11.1112 – Reactions of photosynthesis
- 11.1213 – Photosystem
- 11.1314 – Electron Flow light reaction
- 11.1415 – Non-Cyclic Phosphorylation
- 11.1516 – Cyclic phosphorylation
- 11.1617 – Chemiosmosi
- 11.1718 – Calvin cycle or dark reaction
- 11.1819 – Calvin cycle , part 2
- 11.1920 – Calvin cycle part 3 trick for calvin cycle
- 11.2021 – Introduction to Respiration
- 11.2122 – Anaerobic and Aerobic respiration
- 11.2223 – Glycolysis and preparatory phase
- 11.2324 – Tricks for glycolysis
- 11.2425 – Kreb cycle,citric cycle, tricarboxylic acid
- 11.2526 – Respiratory Chain and Cytochromes
- 11.2627 – Oxydative phosphorylation
- Chapter 13 Gaseous Exchange12
- 12.01 – Introduction to Gaseous Exchange
- 12.12 – Gaseous Exchange in Plants
- 12.24 – Properties of respiratory surface
- 12.35 – Respiration in Frog
- 12.46 – Respiration in Coackroach
- 12.57 – Respiration in fishes
- 12.68 – Respiration in Birds
- 12.79 – Respiration system in Human
- 12.810 – Respiration system in human Part 2
- 12.911 – Mechanics of breathing I Inspiration and Expiration
- 12.1012 – Transport of oxygen
- 12.1113 – Respiratory Disorders Cancer and Tuberculosis
- Chapter 14 Transport36
- 13.01 – Introduction of Transport
- 13.12 – Uptake and Transport of Water
- 13.23 – Uptake and Transport of Minerals
- 13.34 – Water Potential
- 13.45 – Plasmolysis and Deplasmolysis
- 13.56 – Cohesion Tension Theory I Ascent of sap
- 13.67 – Root Pressure I Ascent of sap
- 13.78 – Transpiration I Ascent of sap
- 13.89 – Opening and closing of stomata
- 13.910 – Factors of transpiration
- 13.1012 – Translocation of Solute I Phloem Structure
- 13.1113 – Pattern of Transport
- 13.1214 – Mechanism of translocation of phloem
- 13.1315 – Transportation in animals
- 13.1416 – Open and closed circulatory system
- 13.1517 – Open and closed circulatory system part 2
- 13.1618 – Evolution of heart in fishes and amphibians
- 13.1719 – Evolution of heart in reptiles, birds and mammals
- 13.1820 – Blood plasma
- 13.1921 – Red and white blood cells
- 13.2022 – Platelets and functions of blood
- 13.2123 – Blood Disorders
- 13.2224 – Pumping Organ heart
- 13.2325 – Pumping Organ heart
- 13.2426 – Cardiac cycle
- 13.2527 – Mechanism of excitation and contraction of heart
- 13.2628 – ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER and BLUE BABIES
- 13.2729 – Arteries
- 13.2830 – Capillaries
- 13.2931 – Veins and interstitial Fluids
- 13.3032 – Blood pressure and Rate of blood flow
- 13.3133 – Cardiovascular Disorders
- 13.3234 – Lymphatic system
- 13.3335 – Immunity
- 13.3436 – Biology Paper Scheme 1st Year 2022
- 13.3537 – Biology Pairing Second Year Scheme 2022
14 – Mechanism of translocation of phloem
Mechanism of translocation of phloem I Chapter 14 Biology I F.Sc First Year Lec # 14
Active Theories.
The active theories involving the use of energy for the movement of materials in phloem, and the active theories have all been abandoned as there is not much evidence to support these theories.
Passive Theories.
The passive theories in which no use of energy was involved. Now we are left with passive theories of transport / translocation.
These include: (i) Diffusion (ii) Pressure flow theory
(i) Diffusion: It is far too slow, to account for the velocities of sugar movement in phloem, which on the average is 1 meter per hour, while the rate of diffusion is 1 meter per eight years. So we are left with pressure flow theory. The theory called, Pressure – Flow Theory, is the most acceptable theory for the transport in the phloem of angiosperms. We have considerable evidence to support this theory.
Suggested by.
A hypothesis was first proposed by Ernst Munch in 1930. It states that the flow of solution in the sieve elements is driven by osmotically generated pressure gradient between” ”source and sink. Now this hypothesis has been given status of a theory.