12 Chemistry by Maktab
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- Intermediate (HSSC)
- 12 Chemistry by Maktab
Curriculum
- 16 Sections
- 277 Lessons
- 10 Weeks
- 2.01 Periodic Classification of Elements and Periodicity13
- 1.01.1: The Modern Periodic Table (1)
- 1.11.2: The Modern Periodic Table (2)
- 1.21.3: Periodic Trends in Elements – Atomic Size
- 1.31.4: Periodic Trends in Elements – Electronegativity, Ionization Energy, Electron Affinity
- 1.41.5: Periodic Trends in Elements – Metallic and Non-Metallic Character
- 1.51.6: Periodic Trends in Elements – Melting and Boiling Points
- 1.61.7: Periodic Trends in Elements – Oxidation States
- 1.71.8: Periodic Trends in Elements – Electrical Conductance
- 1.81.9: Periodic Trends in Elements – Hydration Energy
- 1.91.10: Periodic Trends in Compounds – Halides
- 1.101.11: Periodic Trends in Compounds – Hydrides
- 1.111.12: Periodic Trends in Compounds – Oxides
- 1.121.13: Position of Hydrogen in Modern Periodic Table
- 2.02 s-Block elements9
- 2.02.1: General Properties Copy
- 2.12.2: Peculiar Behaviour of Lithium and Beryllium (1) Copy
- 2.22.3: Peculiar Behaviour of Lithium and Beryllium (2) Copy
- 2.32.4: Trends in Chemical Properties of Alkali Metals Copy
- 2.42.5: Trends in Chemical Properties of Alkaline Earth Metals Copy
- 2.52.6: Oxides and Hydroxides of s-Block Elements Copy
- 2.62.7: Carbonates, Nitrates and Sulfates of s-Block Elements Copy
- 2.72.8: The Down’s Cell for Preparation of Sodium Copy
- 2.82.9: The Diaphragm Cell for Preparation of Sodium Hydroxide Copy
- 2.03 Group IIIA and IVA Elements24
- 3.03.1: General Introduction and Occurance of Group IIIA Elements Copy
- 3.13.2: Peculiar Behaviour of Boron Copy
- 3.23.3: Manufacturing of Borax Copy
- 3.33.4: Physical Properties of Borax Copy
- 3.43.5: Chemical Properties of Borax Copy
- 3.53.6: Chemistry of Borax Bead Test Copy
- 3.63.7: Structure of Boric Acids Copy
- 3.73.8: Physical Properties and Preparation of Orthoboric Acid Copy
- 3.83.9: Chemical Properties of Orthboric Acid Copy
- 3.93.10: Reaction with Air and Non metals – Aluminum Copy
- 3.103.11: Reaction with Acids and Alkalies – Aluminum Copy
- 3.113.12: Introduction to Group IVA Elements Copy
- 3.123.13: Occurrence of Carbon and Silicon Copy
- 3.133.14: Oxides of Carbon Copy
- 3.143.15: Physical Properties of Vitreous Silica Copy
- 3.153.16: Structure of Crystalline Silica (Quartz) Copy
- 3.163.17: Varieties of Quartz Crystals Copy
- 3.173.18: Sodium Silicate and Chemical Garden Copy
- 3.183.19: Aluminum, Magnesium and Calcium Silicates Copy
- 3.193.20: Structure of Silicones Copy
- 3.203.21: Physical Properties and Uses of Silicones Copy
- 3.213.22: Semi-Conductors (1) Copy
- 3.223.23: Semi-Conductors (2) Copy
- 3.233.24: Lead Compounds in Paints Copy
- 2.04 Group VA and Group VIA Elements30
- 4.04.1: Introduction to Group VA Elements Copy
- 4.14.2: Structure and Preparation of Nitrous Oxide – Oxides of Nitrogen (1) Copy
- 4.24.3: Physical and Chemical Properties of Nitrous Oxide – Oxides of Nitrogen (2) Copy
- 4.34.4: Structure and Preparation of Nitric Oxide – Oxides of Nitrogen (3) Copy
- 4.44.5: Chemical Reactions of Nitric Oxide – Oxides of Nitrogen (4) Copy
- 4.54.6: Structure and Preparation of Nitrogendioxide – Oxides of Nitrogen (5) Copy
- 4.64.7: Physical Properties of Nitrogendioxide – Oxides of Nitrogen (6) Copy
- 4.74.8: Chemical Reactions of Nitogendioxide – Oxides of Nitrogen (7) Copy
- 4.84.9: Nitrogenperoxide as an Oxidizing Agent – Oxides of Nitrogen (8) Copy
- 4.94.10: Preparation and Chemical Reactions of Nitrous Acid – Oxyacids of Nitrogen (1) Copy
- 4.104.11: Nitrous Acid as Oxidizing Agent – Oxyacids of Nitrogen (2) Copy
- 4.114.12: Nitrous Acid as Reducing Agent – Oxyacids of Nitrogen (3) Copy
- 4.124.13: Birkelend and Eyed’s Process for Manufacturing Nitric Acid – Oxyacids of Nitrogen (4) Copy
- 4.134.14: Neutralization Reactions of Nitric Acid – Oxyacids of Nitrogen (5) Copy
- 4.144.15: Oxidation of Nonmetals and Metalloids by Nitric Acid – Oxyacids of Nitrogen (6) Copy
- 4.154.16: Oxidation of Metals by Nitric Acid – Oxyacids of Nitrogen (7) Copy
- 4.164.17: Oxidation of Reducing Agents by Nitric Acid – Oxy Acids of Nitrogen (8) Copy
- 4.174.18: Aqua Regia Copy
- 4.184.19: Occurrence and Allotropes of Phosphorus Copy
- 4.194.20: Halides of Phosphororus Copy
- 4.204.21: Oxides of Phosphorus Copy
- 4.214.22: Phosphorus Acid – Oxyacids of Phosphorus (1) Copy
- 4.224.23: Preparation of OrthoPhosphoric Acid – Oxyacids of Phosphorus (2) Copy
- 4.234.24: Chemical Properties of OrthoPhosphoric Acid – Oxyacids of Phosphorus (3) Copy
- 4.244.25: Similarities between Oxygen and Sulphur Copy
- 4.254.26: Differences between Oxygen and Sulphur Copy
- 4.264.27: Manufacture of Sulfuric Acid by Contact Process Copy
- 4.274.28: Reactions of Sulfuric Acid as an Acid Copy
- 4.284.29: Dehydration Reactions of Sulfuric Acid Copy
- 4.294.30: Oxidation and Miscillaneous Reactions of Sulfuric Acid Copy
- 2.05 The Halogens and The Nobel Gases14
- 5.05.1: General Characteristics of Halogens Copy
- 5.15.2: Peculiar Nature of Fluorine Copy
- 5.25.3: Oxidizing Potential of Halogens Copy
- 5.35.4: Hydrogen Halides Copy
- 5.45.5: Oxides of Halogens Copy
- 5.55.6: Disproportionation Reactions of Halogens Copy
- 5.65.7: Oxyacids of Halogens Copy
- 5.75.8: Physical – Chemical Properties of Oxyacids Copy
- 5.85.9: The Bleaching Action – Calcium Hypochlorite Copy
- 5.95.10: Manufacturing – Uses of Bleaching Powder Copy
- 5.105.11: Noble Character of Elements Copy
- 5.115.12: An Introduction to Noble Gases Copy
- 5.125.13: Compounds of Noble Gases Copy
- 5.135.14: Oxides, Fluorides – Oxyfluorides of Xenon Copy
- 2.06 Transition Elements16
- 6.06.1: Electronic Configuration – Classification of Transition Elements Copy
- 6.16.2: General Properties overview of Transition Elements Copy
- 6.26.3: Enthalpy of Atomization General Characteristics of Transition Elements (1) Copy
- 6.36.4: Oxidation States M.P – B.P (2) Copy
- 6.46.5; Magnetic Properties (3) Copy
- 6.56.6: D-D transition – Color Formation (4) Copy
- 6.66.7: Radii , Substitutional – Interstitial Compounds (5) Copy
- 6.76.8: Components, Nomenclature – Geometry – Complex Compounds Copy
- 6.86.9: Ferrous Alloys – Manufacturing of Wrought Iron – Iron (1) Copy
- 6.96.10: Manufacturing of Steel – Open Hearth Process – (2) Copy
- 6.106.11: Manufacturing of Steel – Bessemer’s Process (3) Copy
- 6.116.12: Corrosion – Electrochemical Theory – Corrosion (1) Copy
- 6.126.13: Types of Corrosion – Their Methods of Prevention – Corrosion (2) Copy
- 6.136.14: Chromates – Dichromates Copy
- 6.146.15: Potassium Permanganate (1) Copy
- 6.156.16: Potassium Permanganate (2) Copy
- 2.07 Fundamental Principles of Organic Chemistry22
- 7.07.1: Wohler’s Synthesis and Vital Force Theory Copy
- 7.17.2: Characteristics of Organic Componds (1) Copy
- 7.27.3: Characteristics of Organic Componds (2) Copy
- 7.37.4: Coal Sources of Organic Compounds (1) Copy
- 7.47.5: Natural Gas Sources of Organic Compounds (2) Copy
- 7.57.6: Fractional Distillation of Petroleum Sources of Organic Compounds (3) Copy
- 7.67.7: Cracking of Petroleum Fractions (1) Copy
- 7.77.8: Cracking of Petroleum Fractions (2) Copy
- 7.87.9: Octane Rating of Fuel Copy
- 7.97.10: Catalytic Reforming of Naphthas (1) Copy
- 7.107.11: Catalytic Reforming of Naphthas Cont (2) Copy
- 7.117.12: Classification of Organic Compounds Copy
- 7.127.13: Functional Groups (1) Copy
- 7.137.14: Functional Groups (2) Copy
- 7.147.15: Energy Levels of Carbon Atom Copy
- 7.157.16: SP3 Hybridization and Sigma Bonds Copy
- 7.167.17: sp2 Hybridization and Pi Orbitals Copy
- 7.177.18: sp Hybridization and Pi Orbitals Copy
- 7.187.19: Structural Isomerism (1) Copy
- 7.197.20: Structural Isomerism (2) Copy
- 7.207.21: CIS-Trans Isomerism Stereo Isomerism (1) Copy
- 7.217.22: Optical Isomerism Stereo Isomerism (2) Copy
- 2.08 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons28
- 8.08.1: Hydrocarbon Numerals Copy
- 8.18.2: Nomenclature of Alkanes (1) Copy
- 8.28.3: Nomenclature of Alkanes (2) Copy
- 8.38.4: Nomenclature of Alkenes – amp; Alkynes Copy
- 8.48.5: Examples on Nomenclature of Alkenes & Alkynes Copy
- 8.58.6: Preparation of Alkanes (1) Copy
- 8.68.7: Decarboxylation of Monocarboxylic Acids (2) Copy
- 8.78.8: Kolbe’s Electrolytic Method (3) Copy
- 8.88.9: By Grignard Reagents, Aldehydes and Ketones (4) Copy
- 8.98.10: Physical Properties & Reactivity of Alkanes Copy
- 8.108.11: Combustion, Oxidation & Nitration of Alkanes Copy
- 8.118.12: Halogenation of Alkanes Copy
- 8.128.13: From Alkyl Halides & Alcohols – Preparation of Alkenes (1) Copy
- 8.138.14: From Vicinal Dihalides, Dicarboxylic Acids & Alkynes – Preparation of Alkenes (2) Copy
- 8.148.15: Physical Properties & Reactivity of Alkenes Copy
- 8.158.16: Hydrogenation & Halogenation – Addition Reactions of Alkenes (1) Copy
- 8.168.17: Addition of Acids – Addition Reactions of Alkenes (2) Copy
- 8.178.18: Addition of Acids (cont) – Addition Reactions of Alkenes (3) Copy
- 8.188.19: Epoxidation – Hydroxylation – Oxidation Reactions of Alkenes (1) Copy
- 8.198.20: Ozonolysis – Combustion – Oxidation Reactions of Alkenes (2) Copy
- 8.208.21: From Vicinal Dihalides – Tetrahalides – Preparation of Alkynes (1) Copy
- 8.218.22: From Unsaturated Dicarboxylic Acids – Preparation of Alkynes (2) Copy
- 8.228.23: Addition of Hydrogen, Halogens – Halogen Acids – Addition Reactions of Alkynes (1) Copy
- 8.238.24: Addition of Water, Ammonia – Hydrogen Cyanide – Addition Reactions of Alkynes (2) Copy
- 8.248.25: Oxidation Reactions of Alkynes Copy
- 8.258.26: Polymerization Reactions of Alkynes Copy
- 8.268.27: The Acidic Nature of Alkynes Copy
- 8.278.28: Relative Reactivities of Alkanes, Alkenes – Alkynes Copy
- 2.09 Aromatic Hydrocarbons18
- 9.09.1: The Huckle’s Rule – Aromaticity Copy
- 9.19.2: Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives Copy
- 9.29.3: Straight Chain Structure – Structure of Benzene (1) Copy
- 9.39.4: Kekule’s Structure – its Limitations – Structure of Benzene (2) Copy
- 9.49.5: The Stability of Benzene – Structure of Benzene (3) Copy
- 9.59.6: The Resonance Method – Structure of Benzene (4) Copy
- 9.69.7: From Cyclohexane, Acetylene – Alkanes – Preparation of Benzene (1) Copy
- 9.79.8: Laboratory Preparation – Wurtz Fittig Reaction – Preparation of Benzene (2) Copy
- 9.89.9: Electrophilic Substitution Mechanism – Substitution Reactions of Benzene (1) Copy
- 9.99.10: Halogenation, Nitration – Sulphonation – Substitution Reactions of Benzene (2) Copy
- 9.109.11: Friedel-Craft’s Reactions – Substitution Reactions of Benzene (3) Copy
- 9.119.12: Reduction, Halogenation – Combustion – Addition Reactions of Benzene (1) Copy
- 9.129.13: Catalytic – Side Chain Oxidation – Addition Reactions of Benzene (2) Copy
- 9.139.14: Ozonolysis – Addition Reactions of Benzene (3) Copy
- 9.149.15: Ortho – Para Directing Groups Copy
- 9.159.16: Meta Directing, Ring Deactivating Groups Copy
- 9.169.17: Relative Reactivity of Alkanes, Alkenes – Benzene Copy
- 9.179.18: Selective Practice Problems Copy
- 2.10 Alkyle Halides16
- 10.010.1: Introduction – Nomenclature Copy
- 10.110.2: Preparation of Alkyl Halides (1) Copy
- 10.210.3: Preparation of Alkyl Halides (2) Copy
- 10.310.4: Bond Energy – Bond Polarity- Reactivity of Alkyl Halides (1) Copy
- 10.410.5: Nucleophilicity – Substrate Effects – Reactivity of Alkyl Halides (2) Copy
- 10.510.6: Nucleophilicity – Substrate Effects (cont) – Reactivity of Alkyl Halides (3) Copy
- 10.610.7: Bimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Copy
- 10.710.8: Unimolecular Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions Copy
- 10.810.9: Rate and Stereochemistry of Sn1 Reactions Copy
- 10.910.10: Sn2 versus Sn1 Reactions Copy
- 10.1010.11: First Order Elimination E1 Reactions Copy
- 10.1110.12: Coming Soon Copy
- 10.1210.13: General Reactions of Alkyl Halides Copy
- 10.1310.14: Preparation, Structure – Reactivity – Grignard Reagents (1) Copy
- 10.1410.15: Reactions with Protic Reagents – Carbondioxide – Grignard Reagents (2) Copy
- 10.1510.16: Reactions with Aldehydes, Ketones – Epoxides – Grignard Reagents (3) Copy
- 2.11 Alcohols, Phenols and Ether16
- 11.011.1: Classification – Nomenclature Copy
- 11.111.2: Alcohols – General Preparation of Alcohols Copy
- 11.211.3: Alcohols – Physical Properties – Alcohols Copy
- 11.311.4: Alcohols – Reactivity – Alcohols (4) Copy
- 11.411.5: Alcohols – First Order Substitution Reactions Copy
- 11.511.6: Alcohols – Second Order Substitution Reactions Copy
- 11.611.7: Alcohols – Oxidation and Dehydration Copy
- 11.711.8: Alcohols – Lucas and Iodoform Tests Copy
- 11.811.9: Phenols – Introduction and Preparation Copy
- 11.911.10: Phenols – Quantitative Aspects of Acidity of Solutions and Compounds Phenols Copy
- 11.1011.11: Phenols – Acidic Nature of Phenols Copy
- 11.1111.12: Phenols – Reactions of Phenols due to -OH group Copy
- 11.1211.13: Phenols – Nitration and Sulphonation of Phenols Copy
- 11.1311.14: Phenols – Reaction with Halogens, Hydrogen and Formaldehyde Copy
- 11.1411.15: Ethers – Nomenclature and Preparation Copy
- 11.1511.16: Ethers – Physical and Chemical Properties Copy
- 2.12 Aldehydes and Ketones21
- 12.012.1: Introduction of Carbonyl compounds Copy
- 12.112.2: Nomenclature of Aldehydes and Ketones Copy
- 12.212.3: Preparation of Formaldehyde Copy
- 12.312.4: Preparation of Acetaldehyde Copy
- 12.412.5: General Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones Copy
- 12.512.6: Reactivity of Carbonyl Compounds Copy
- 12.612.7: Base Catalysed Nucleophilic Addition Reactions Copy
- 12.712.8: Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide Copy
- 12.812.9: Addition of Grignard Reagents Copy
- 12.912.10: Addition of Sodium Bisulfite Copy
- 12.1012.11: Acidity of alpha-Hydrogen Carbonyl Compounds Copy
- 12.1112.12: Aldol Condensation Copy
- 12.1212.13: Cannizzaros Reaction Copy
- 12.1312.14: Haloform Reaction Copy
- 12.1412.15: Acid Catalysed Nucleophilic Addition Reactions Copy
- 12.1512.16: Addition of Ammonia Derivatives (1) Copy
- 12.1612.17: Addition of Ammonia Derivatives (2) Copy
- 12.1712.18: Reaction with Alcohols Copy
- 12.1812.19: Reduction Reactions Copy
- 12.1912.20: Oxidation of Aldehydes Copy
- 12.2012.21: Oxidation of Ketones Copy
- 2.13 Carboxylic Acids19
- 13.013.1: Introduction and Nomenclature
- 13.113.2: From Alcohols, Aldehydes and Ketones
- 13.213.3: From Alkane Nitriles
- 13.313.4: From Grignard Reagents
- 13.413.5: From Esters and Alkenes
- 13.513.6: Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids
- 13.613.7: Reactions involving Hydrogen of Carboxylic Acids
- 13.713.8: Reactions Involving Hydroxyl Group – Reaction with Thionyl Chloride
- 13.813.9: Reactions Involving Hydroxyl Group – Reaction with Phosphorous Pentachloride
- 13.913.10: Reactions Involving Hydroxyl Group – Esterification
- 13.1013.11: Reactions Involving Hydroxyl Group – Formation of Acid Amides and Anhydrides
- 13.1113.12: Reactions involving Carboxyl Group – Reduction of Alkanes
- 13.1213.13: Reactions involving Carboxyl Group – Kolbe’s Decarboxylation Methods
- 13.1313.14: Acetic Acid
- 13.1413.15: Amino Acids – Introduction and Nomenclature
- 13.1513.16: Amino Acids – Classification and Nature
- 13.1613.17: Amino Acids – Synthesis – Amino Acids
- 13.1713.18: Amino Acids – Fischer Esterification and Ninhydrin Test
- 13.1813.19: Amino Acids – Peptides and Proteins
- 2.14 Macromolecules12
- 14.015.1: Introduction to Macromolecules
- 14.115.2: Classification of Polymers
- 14.215.3: Thermoplastic and Thermosetting Polymers
- 14.315.4: Addition Polymerization
- 14.415.5: Condensation Polymerization
- 14.515.6: PolyVinylChloride Synthetic Polymers
- 14.615.7: PolyStyrene Synthetic Polymers
- 14.715.8: PolyVinylAcetate Synthetic Polymers
- 14.815.9: Acrylic Resins Synthetic Polymers
- 14.915.10: PolyEster Resins Synthetic Polymers
- 14.1015.11: Poly Amide Resins (Nylon) Synthetic Polymers
- 14.1115.12: Epoxy Resins Synthetic Polymers
- 2.15 Common Chemical Industries in Pakistan11
- 15.015.1: Introduction to Chemical Industries,
- 15.115.2: Manufacture of Fertilisers
- 15.215.3: Micro-Nutrients and Macro-Nutrients
- 15.315.4A: Manufacture of Fertilisers
- 15.415.4B: Manufacture of Urea
- 15.515.4C: Importance of Urea
- 15.615.5: Raw Materials and Processes Involved in Manufacturing of Cement
- 15.715.6A: Paper and paper products
- 15.815.6B: Steps Involved in Neutral Sulphite Semi Chemical Process
- 15.915.6C: More on Steps Involved in Neutral Sulphite Semi Chemical Process
- 15.1015.6D: Paper Making Machine
- 2.16 Environmental Chemistry8
8.20: Ozonolysis – Combustion – Oxidation Reactions of Alkenes (2) Copy
This video lecture from Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (F.Sc. second year Chemistry) covers the Addition reactions of alkenes (Part 1) including Hydrogenation and Halogenation. Hydrogenation or the addition of hydrogen takes place in Pd/Pt catalysts at lower temperatures or with nickel at higher temperatures. Raney nickel formation and usage as a catalyst for hydrogenation is discussed followed by hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane and the corresponding enthalpies of hydrogenation. Halogenation of Alkenes is explained as an electrophylic addition followed by the formation of halonium ion which reacts with neuleophilic halogen ion yielding a vicinal dihalide (two halide groups on adjacent carbon atoms). Find more e-learning material and educational video lectures in Urdu at maktab.pk. These videos are free to use for promotional and commercial purpose by keeping the credits to Maktab.